Researchers in France have developed a high-speed Raman scattering imaging technique that could lead to an improved understanding of the processes involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and multiple sclerosis.
According to the researchers, the method’s ability to capture information in seconds rather than the minutes required with existing techniques means it will be possible, for the first time, to watch disease progression in living animal models at the molecular level. And, with further development, it could be used to detect early signs of neurodegenerative diseases in people.
The new technique makes use of a nonlinear effect called coherent Raman scattering, which occurs when light interacts with molecules. The wavelength of the nonlinear signal provides the chemical makeup of a sample based on its molecular vibrations, without the need to add any additional fluorescent labels or chemicals.
The method not only reveals a sample’s chemical makeup but can be used to determine the orientation of molecules within the sample - information that can be used to understand how molecules are behaving.
A new technique that provides both chemical composition and molecular orientation information at subsecond timescales could reveal new information about what occurs on the molecular level as diseases such as Alzheimer’s and multiple sclerosis progress. Credit: Sophie Brasselet, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université
To achieve this, the research team from the Institut Fresnel in France built on an existing approach called stimulated Raman scattering imaging, which enhances the Raman signal by modulating the laser light’s intensity, or power. To obtain molecular orientation information from the coherent Raman signal, the researchers used an electro-optical device called a Pockels cell to quickly modulate the laser’s polarisation rather than its intensity.
‘We took the concept of intensity modulation used for stimulated Raman scattering and transposed it to polarisation modulation using an off-the-shelf device,’ said Sophie Brasselet who led the research. ‘The signal detection for our technique is very similar to what is done with stimulated Raman scattering, except that instead of detecting only the intensity of the light, we detect polarisation information that tells us if molecules are highly oriented or totally disorganized.’
The key, however, is to acquire orientation information fast enough to capture highly dynamic biological processes on a molecular level. Previous methods were slow because they acquired an image, then the polarisation information, and then repeated the process to capture changes over time. By modulating the laser polarisation very quickly, the researchers could take measurements pixel by pixel, in real time.
With the new approach, it takes less than a second to acquire lipid orientation information in a large image that contains several cells. This information is then used to construct a sequence of ‘lipid order’ images that shows molecular orientation dynamics at sub-second time scales.
Measuring single membranes
As described in a recent paper published in Optica, the researchers used artificial lipid membranes to demonstrate the technique’s capabilities for enhancing neurological research. These artificial membranes consist of packed layers of lipids that are similar to those found in the myelin sheath, a membrane that protects axons to help electrical impulses move quickly and efficiently. When diseases such as Alzheimer’s and multiple sclerosis progress, these lipids start to disorganise, and the lipid layers lose their adhesion. This ultimately causes the myelin sheath to detach from the axon and leads to malfunctioning neural signals.
‘We designed a technique able to image molecular organisation in cells and tissues that can ultimately let us see the early stage of this detachment and how lipids are organised within this myelin sheath,’ explained Brasselet. ‘This could help us understand the progression of diseases by identifying the stage at which lipids start disorganising, for example, and what molecular changes are occurring during this time. This could allow new targeted drug treatments that work differently than those used now.’
The technique was sensitive enough to measure the organisation of lipids around red blood cells, which have only a single lipid membrane.
‘Even though we only demonstrated the technique with model membranes and single cells, this technique is translatable to biological tissue,’ said Brasselet. ‘It will show us how molecules behave; information that is not available from the micron-scale morphological images taken with traditional microscopy techniques.’
Brasselet said that the new technique could be used in the near future to better understand progression in diseases that involve a breakdown of the myelin sheath, such as Alzheimer’s and multiple sclerosis. For example, it could be used to image neurons in living mice by combining the Raman scattering technique with existing methods in which tiny windows are implanted in the brains and spinal cords of laboratory animals.
‘Ultimately, we would like to develop coherent Raman imaging so that it could be used in the body to detect diseases in their early stages,” said Brasselet. “To do this, the technique would have to be adapted to work with endoscopes or other tools in development that allow light-based imaging inside the body.’
